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The primary goal of this study is to improve our understanding of changes in skeletal muscle mass in the arms and the legs during a hospitalization for advanced HF. We plan to measure muscle thickness with an ultrasound machine in two locations on the body (the outer thigh and the upper arm muscle, of the dominant side) from the time a patient is first admitted to the ICU with HF as well as before and after any surgical HF therapies.

Severe skeletal muscle loss (wasting) and catabolic weight loss are highly common among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). This prospective randomized controlled trial will compare changes in the muscle mass in the arms and the legs (appendicular lean mass) in patients with HFrEF randomized between 3 groups of no, low or high dose protien supplementation. The dietary protein supplementation will be Ensure(R) products manufactured by Abbott Nutrition.

Low IGF-1 levels in extremely preterm infants (gestational age [GA] of 23 weeks +0 days to 27 weeks +6 days) are a risk factor for CLD and other complications of extreme prematurity. An increase of serum IGF-1 levels provided by SHP607 administration may reduce the incidence of CLD and other complications of extreme prematurity.

This is a phase I trial to see whether patients are able to adhere to a modified, high fat/low carbohydrate diet (the sHFLC + KetoPhyt Diet) with a supplement named KetoPhyt that includes ketones and anti-inflammatory properties.

The classic ketogenic diet (KD) is difficult for patients to adhere to due to its stringent nature. A modified KD has been developed that mimics the glucose lowering, ketone raising effects and the anti-cancer outcomes of the KD.

The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of maternal diet and metabolism (how your body uses food for energy) on the growth of the baby, and how the placenta uses lipids.